Tag Archives: References
References
Akhak Gwebeom
The Akhak kwebŏm or Akhak Gwebeom or [in Hangul: 악학궤범 ; in Hanja: 樂學軌範] translates to as “musical cannons” it is the most comprehensive musical treatise on the subject of Korean music. It was compiled and published in the early Yi Dynasty during 1493 by a team headed by Song Hyŏn [1439–1504] and other editors, at the order of King Sŏngjong [ruled 1469–1494].
Consisting of nine chapters [kwŏn or chüan] in three fascicles, the treatise describes and classifies musical instruments [for aak, tangak and hyangak], musical theory, sacrificial and ritual music, costumes and ceremonial accessories for court musicians and dancers, and tangak and hyangak court dances [chŏngjae], including dancing and singing. It is an invaluable source not only for the study of Korean music theory and history, but also for the study of Korean dance, literature and language.
Citations: Bibliography: Websites: Chang, Sa-hun [1976]. Hanguk Eumaksa, The History of Korean Music. Seoul, South Korea: Eumsa © 1983 by the International Council for Traditional Music ;
Hornbostel-Sachs System
It is a system of musical instrument classification devised by Erich Moritz von Hornbostel and Curt Sachs and first published in the Zeitschrift für Ethnologie in 1914. An English translation was published in the Galpin Society Journal in 1961.
It is the most widely used system for classifying musical instruments by ethnomusicologists and organologists; people who study musical instruments. The system was updated in 2011 as part of the work of the Musical Instrument Museums Online [MIMO] Project.
Authors note: My website utilizes a simplified version of the “Hornbostel Sachs System” omitting technical and vague sounding terms and keeping it close to plain language for search and ease of navigation throughout this site.
Idiophones
** Percussion
*** Clacks
*** Clappers
*** Lithophones
*** Metallophones
**** Cymbals
**** Gongs
*** Pitched
**** Xylophones
*** Scrappers
*** Shaken
**** Rattles
Membranophones
** Drums
*** Barrel
*** Cylindrical
*** Frame
*** Kettle
*** Pot
*** Friction
Chordophones
** Lutes
*** Guitar
*** Spike
*** Viols
** Zithers
*** Bar
*** Box
*** Stick
*** Tube
*** Trough
*** Dulcimers
Aerophones
** Flutes
*** Duct
*** Transverse
*** Panflutes
*** Vessels
** Reeds
*** Bagpipes
*** Shawms
*** Free
**** Pipes
**** Gourds
**** Sets
** Trumpets
Electrophones
Bayin Eight Sound System
The bayin or eight sound or fold system is organized by the materials the instruments are made of rather than how they are played.
Silk [in Mandarin Chinese: 絲 Pinyin sī]: is a category assigned to the stringed instruments be they plucked [as in the pipa, lute or zheng, zither, bowed [as in the erhu], or struck [as in Yangqin].
Bamboo [in Chinese: 竹 zhú] Musical instruments who are predominantly aerophones of the flute and reed categories. Notably the membranous transverse flute [the dizi], the bawu, etc.
Wood: [in Chinese: 木 mù]:
Stone: [in Chinese: 石 shí]:
Metal: [in Chinese: 金 jīn]:
Clay: [in Chinese: 土 tǔ]:
Skin: [in Chinese: 革 gé]:
Gourd: [In Chinese: 匏 páo]: this category predominately includes aerophones, mainly the Sheng, Sho, Hulusi – may also include the Khean, Mbuat, Keluri, Sumpoton.
| Bayin System | ||
| Materials | Names [M. Ch.] | Names [Pin.] |
| Silk | 絲 | sī |
| Bamboo | 竹 | zhú |
| Wood | 木 | mù |
| Stone | 石 | shí |
| Metal | 金 | jīn |
| Clay | 土 | tǔ |
| Gourd | 匏 | páo |
| Skin | 革 | g |
Guitar Tunings / Indonesian
| Indonesian Guitar Tunings | ||
| Names | Nomenclature | Tunings |
| Stem Las Bas | F Maj 13#11 | F C D G B E |
| Kemayoran | F C D G C E | |
| Stem Pal | F Bb D G C E | |
| Stem Krembang Kacang | F# A C# F# B E | |
| Los Quinn Tallu-Tallu | G Major | G C D G B D |
| Karambagan | Raised A Major | G A D G B E |
| E Minor | E B D G B E | |
| Andu Andu Rudang | A Sus 4/7 | E A D G A E |
| Rabana | E Minor | E A E G A E |
Citations: Discography: Liner Notes from the Music of Indonesia Series Vol. 20 Indonesian Guitars SFW40447 pp. 10-11 [adobe PDF file] ;
Guitar Tunings / Papua New Guinea
| Papua New Guinea / Guitar Tunings | |||
| Names | Nomenclature | Region | Tunings |
| Standard | Em11th | * | E A D G B E |
| Faiv Ki | E A B F# B D# | ||
| Faiv Ki | E A B E G# B | ||
| Faiv Ki | F Bb C G C E | ||
| Faiv Ki | F Bb C F A C | ||
| Samoan Ki | G A D A D F# | ||
| C Ki | East New Britain | G C D G B D | |
| Samoan Ki | Open D Maj 7 | Hood Lagoon | D E A E A C# |
Citations: Bibliography: Guitar Style, Open Tunings, and Stringband Music in Papua New Guinea by ~ Denis Crowdy ; Apwithirer: Studies in Papua New Guinea Musics, 9 ; Three: Analysis – Samoan Ki and the Hood Lagoon Area Page 46, Page 60 ; ISBN 9980-68-048-2 [book] Websites ; George Winston [georgewinston.com – Slack Key Information Booklet ; Section III ] ;